IBM Operating system software

The smaller S/360 models used Basic Operating System/360 (BOS/360), Tape Operating System (TOS/360), or Disk Operating System/360 (DOS/360, which evolved into DOS/VS, DOS/VSE, VSE/AF, VSE/SP, VSE/ESA, and then z/VSE).

The larger S/360 models used Operating System/360 (OS/360): Primary Control Program (PCP), Multiprogramming with a Fixed number of Tasks (MFT), which evolved into OS/VS1, and Multiprogramming with a Variable number of Tasks (MVT), which evolved into MVS. MVT took a long time to develop into a usable system, and the less ambitious MFT was widely used. PCP was used on intermediate machines; the final releases of OS/360 included only MFT and MVT.

When it announced the S/360-67 in August 1965, IBM also announced TSS/360 (Time-Sharing System) for delivery at the same time as the 67. TSS/360, a response to Multics, was an ambitious project that included many advanced features. It never worked properly, was delayed, canceled, reinstated, and finally canceled again in 1971. It was replaced by CP-67, MTS (Michigan Terminal System), TSO (Time Sharing Option for OS/360), or one of several other time-sharingsystems.

CP-67, the original virtual machine system, was also known as CP/CMS. CP/67 was developed outside the IBM mainstream at IBM's Cambridge Scientific Center, in cooperation with MIT researchers. CP/CMS eventually won wide acceptance, and led to the development of VM/370 (aka VM/CMS) and today's z/VM.

The S/360 Model 20 offered a simplified and rarely used tape-based system called TPS (Tape Processing System), and also DPS (Disk Processing System) that provided support for the 2311 disk drive. TPS could run on a machine with 8K of memory, and DPS required 12 K, which was pretty hefty for a Model 20. Many customers ran quite happily with 4 K and CPS (Card Processing System).

With TPS and DOS, the card reader was used (a) to define the stack of jobs to be run (Job Control Language), and (b) to feed in transaction data, like customer payments. But the operating system was held on tape or disk, and results (master files!) could also be stored on the tapes or hard drives. Stacked job processing became an exciting possibility for the small but adventurous computer user.

A little known and little used suite of 80 column punched-card utility programs known as Basic Programming Support (BPS) (jocularly: Barely Programming Support) was available for the S/360-30. It was a precursor of TOS on the Model 30.

IBM Data storage

In all tape formats, a tape drive (or "transport" or "deck") uses motors to wind the tape from one reel to another, passing tape heads to read, write or erase as it moves.

Magnetic tape was first used to record computer data in 1951 on the Eckert-Mauchly UNIVAC I. The recording medium was a thin strip of one half inch (12.65 mm) wide metal, consisting of nickel-plated bronze (called Vicalloy). Recording density was 128 characters per inch (198 micrometre/character) on eight tracks.

Small open reel of 9 track tape

Early IBM tape drives were floor-standing drives that used vacuum columns to physically buffer long U-shaped loops of tape. The two tape reels visibly fed tape through the columns, intermittently spinning the reels in rapid, unsynchronized bursts, resulting in visually striking action. Stock shots of such vacuum-column tape drives in motion were widely used to represent "the computer" in movies and television.

Quarter inch cartridges, a data format commonly used in the 1980s and 1990s.

Most modern magnetic tape systems use reels that are much smaller than the 10.5 inch open reels and are fixed inside a cartridge to protect the tape and facilitate handling. Many late 1970s and early 1980s home computers used Compact Cassettes encoded with the Kansas City standard. Modern cartridge formats include LTO, DLT, andDAT/DDC.

Tape remains a viable alternative to disk in some situations due to its lower cost per bit. This is a large advantage when dealing with large amounts of data. Though the areal density of tape is lower than for disk drives, the available surface area on a tape is far greater. The highest capacity tape media are generally on the same order as the largest available disk drives (about 5 TB in 2011). Tape has historically offered enough advantage in cost over disk storage to make it a viable product, particularly for backup, where media removability is necessary.

Tape has the benefit of a comparatively long duration during which the media can be guaranteed to retain the data stored on the media. Fifteen (15) to thirty (30) years of archival data storage is cited by manufacturers of modern data tape such as Linear Tape-Open media.

In 2002, Imation received a US$11.9 million grant from the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology for research into increasing the data capacity of magnetic tape.

IBM Magnetic tape

Magnetic tape is a medium for magnetic recording, made of a thin magnetizable coating on a long, narrow strip of plastic. It was developed in Germany, based on magnetic wire recording. Devices that record and play back audio and video using magnetic tape are tape recorders and video tape recorders. A device that stores computer data on magnetic tape is a tape drive (tape unit, streamer).

Magnetic tape revolutionized broadcast and recording. When all radio was live, it allowed programming to be prerecorded. At a time when gramophone recordswere recorded in one take, it allowed recordings in multiple parts, which mixed and edited with tolerable loss in quality. It is a key technology in early computer development, allowing unparalleled amounts of data to be mechanically created, stored for long periods, and to be rapidly accessed.

Today, other technologies can perform the functions of magnetic tape. In many cases these technologies are replacing tape. Despite this, innovation in the technology continues and tape is still widely used.

Over years, magnetic tape can suffer from deterioration called sticky-shed syndrome. Caused by absorption of moisture into the binder of the tape, it can render the tape unusable.

Audio recording

Compact Cassette

Magnetic tape was invented for recording sound by Fritz Pfleumer in 1928 in Germany, based on the invention of magnetic wire recording by Valdemar Poulsen in 1898. Pfleumer's invention used an iron(III) oxide(Fe₂O₃) powder coating on a long strip of paper. This invention was further developed by the German electronics company AEG, which manufactured the recording machines and BASF, which manufactured the tape. In 1933, working for AEG, Eduard Schuller developed the ring shaped tape head. Previous head designs were needle shaped and tended to shred the tape. An important discovery made in this period was the technique of AC biasing which improved the fidelity of the recorded audio signal by increasing the effective linearity of the recording medium.

Due to the escalating political tensions, and the outbreak of World War II, these developments were largely kept secret. Although the Allies knew from their monitoring of Nazi radio broadcasts that the Germans had some new form of recording technology, the nature was not discovered until the Allies acquired captured German recording equipment as they invaded Europe in the closing of the war. It was only after the war that Americans, particularly Jack Mullin,John Herbert Orr, and Richard H. Ranger were able to bring this technology out of Germany and develop it into commercially viable formats.

A wide variety of recorders and formats have developed since, most significantly reel-to-reel and Compact Cassette.

Video recording

The practice of recording and editing audio using magnetic tape rapidly established itself as an obvious improvement over previous methods. Many saw the potential of making the same improvements in recording television. Television ("video") signals are similar to audio signals. A major difference is that video signals use more bandwidth than audio signals. Existing audio tape recorders could not practically capture a video signal. Many set to work on resolving this problem. Jack Mullin (working for Bing Crosby) and the BBC both created crude working systems that involved moving the tape across a fixed tape head at very fast speeds. Neither system saw much use. It was the team at Ampex, led by Charles Ginsburg, that made the breakthrough of using a spinning recording head and normal tape speeds to achieve a very high head-to-tape speed that could record and reproduce the high bandwidth signals of video. The Ampex system was called Quadruplex and used 2-inch-wide (51 mm) tape, mounted on reels like audio tape, which wrote the signal in what is now called transverse scan.

Later improvements by other companies, particularly Sony, lead to the development of helical scan and the enclosure of the tape reels in an easy-to-handle cartridge. Nearly all modern videotape systems use helical scan and cartridges. Videocassette recorders are very common in homes and television production facilities though many functions of the VCR are being replaced. Since the advent of digital video and computerized video processing, optical disc media and digital video recorders can now perform the same role as videotape. These devices also offer improvements like random access to any scene in the recording and "live" time shifting and are likely to replace videotape in many situations.

IBM 1750, 2750 and 3750 Switching Systems

In 1969 IBM started marketing in five European countries the IBM 2750 Switching System – worldwide, the first stored-program-controlled PABX (Private Automatic Branch Exchange). Previously onlyelectromechanical Strowger and Crossbar PABXs were available.

The 2750 was sold in France, Germany, Italy, and Belgium. The other systems were sold in these countries and the United Kingdom. The Netherlands installed some in IBM sites.

The family of IBM 1750, 2750 and 3750 Switching Systems was developed from the IBM 1800 by the IBM La Gaude Research Laboratory near Nice, France for European markets only. Each system included twin stored-program controllers (each with some 600,000 lines of code, and nightly automatic switchover), twin disks, and solid-state switching. Extension, trunk and tie lines were connected by discrete transistors on plug-in panels.

System	Year first marketed	Extensions	Trunks + tie lines	Operator desks
IBM 2750 Switching System	1968	100-500?
IBM 3750 Switching System	1970	250-2200?	300 Max?
IBM 1750 Switching System	1979	100 - 760	0 - 96	1 - 5

The systems all had both voice and data functions – the marketplace largely bought them for their then-new voice and management functions. Early-1960s computers had hardly any typewriter-like terminals and no screens – the IBM Switching Systems introduced the novelty of simple data capture from touch-tone telephones.

IBM products

The following is a list of products, some notable, some less so, from the International Business Machines (IBM) Corporation and its predecessor corporations, beginning in the 1890s, and spanningpunched card equipment, time clocks, and typewriters, via mainframe computers and minicomputers, to microprocessors, software, and more.

This list is eclectic; it includes, for example, the AN/FSQ-7, which was not a product in the sense of offered for sale, but was a product in the sense of manufactured - produced by the labor of IBM. Also missing are RPQs, OEM products (semiconductors, for example), supplies (punched cards, for example). That products are missing is not by fiat, but simply because no one has added them.

IBM sometimes used the same number for a system and for the principal component of that system. For example, the IBM 604 Calculating Unit is a component of the IBM 604 Calculating Punch.

Keypunches, verifiers, and derived machines

• Hollerith Keyboard (pantograph) punch — Manual card punch, 1890^[1]
• IBM 001 — Mechanical punch, 1910 ^[2][3]
• IBM 002 — Port-a-punch^[4]
• IBM 003 — Lever Set Gang Punch, 1920 ^[2]
• IBM 010 — Card Punch^[5]
• IBM 011 — Electric punch, 1923^[6]
• IBM 012 — Duplicating Punch, 1926^[2]
• IBM 013 — Badge Punch^[5]
• IBM 015 — Motor Drive Punch, 1915^[2]
• IBM 016 — Motor Drive Duplicating Punch (key punch), 1927^[2][3]
• IBM 020 — Card Punch^[7]
• IBM 024 — Card Punch (electronic - tube, BCD zone codes); 1949
• IBM 026 — Printing Card Punch (electronic - tube, BCD zone codes); 1949
• IBM 027 — Card Proof Punch, 1956^[2]
• IBM 028 — Printing Card Proof Punch, 1956^[2]
• IBM 029 — Card Punch (electric - diodes & relays, EBCDIC zone codes); 1964^[8]
• IBM 031 — Alphabetical Duplicating Punch; 1933^[9]
• IBM 032 — Printing Punch; 1933^[9]
• IBM 036 — Alphabetical Printing Punch, 1930^[2]
• IBM 037 — Alphabetic Stencil Punch^[7]
• IBM 040 — Tape Controlled Card Punch; 1941^[8]
• IBM 041 — Tape to Card Punch^[7]
• IBM 043 — Tape Controlled Card Punch^[7]
• IBM 044 — Tape Controlled Card Punch^[7]
• IBM 046 — Tape-to-Card Punch^[10]
• IBM 047 — Tape-to-Card Printing Punch^[10]
• IBM 051 — Mechanical verifier
• IBM 052 — Motorized verifier
• IBM 053 — Motor Drive Verifier^[7]
• IBM 054 — Motor Drive Verifier^[7]
• IBM 055 — Alphabetic verifier, 1946^[2]
• IBM 056 — Card Verifier (electronic - tube, BCD zone codes); 1949^[10]
• IBM 058 — Card Operated Typewriter^[7]
• IBM 059 — Card Verifier (electric, diodes & relays, EBCDIC zone codes); 1964^[8]
• IBM 060 — Card to Tape Punch (5 channel)^[7]
• IBM 063 — Card-Controlled Tape Punch^[10]
• IBM Data Transceiver — A 65 or 66 in combination with a 67 or 68^[5]
  • IBM 065 — Data Transceiver Card Unit^[5][10]
  • IBM 066 — Data Transceiver Printing Card Unit^[10]
  • IBM 067 — Telegraph Signal Unit for 065/066 ^[2]
  • IBM 068 — Telephone Signal Unit for 065/066 ^[2]
• IBM 116 — Numeric Duplicating Punch^[7]
• IBM 129 — Card Data Recorder (integrated circuits - SLT, EBCDIC zone codes); 1971
• IBM 131 — Alphabetic Duplicating Punch^[7]
• IBM 143 — Tape Controlled Card Punch^[7]
• IBM 151 — Verifier^[7]
• IBM 155 — Numeric Verifier^[7]
• IBM 156 — Alphabetic Verifier^[7]
• IBM 163 — Card Controlled Tape Punch^[7]
• IBM 210 — Electric Verifier^[7]
• IBM 797 — Document Numbering Punch; 1951^[9]
• IBM 824 — Typewriter Card Punch^[10]
• IBM 826 — Typewriter Card Punch Printing^[10]
• IBM 884 — Typewriter Tape Punch ^[11]
• IBM 963 — Tape Punch^[2]
• IBM 5496 Data Recorder - Keypunch for IBM System/3's 96 column cards
• IBM Port-A-Punch — Port-A-Punch; 1958

Sorters, Statistical, and derived machines

• Hollerith automatic sorter - Horizontal sorter, 1901^[12]
• Hollerith 2 - Card counting sorter^[6]
• Hollerith (IBM 70) — Vertical Sorter; 1908^[8][9]
• IBM 71 — Vertical Sorter; 1928^[9]
• IBM 74 — Printing Card Counting Sorter, 1930 ^[2]
• IBM 75 — Card Counting Sorter^[7]
• IBM 76 — Searching Sorter Punch^[7]
• IBM 080 — Card Sorter, 1925^[9][2]
• IBM 081 — Card Stencil Sorter
• IBM 082 — Card Sorter, 1948^[2][10]
• IBM 083 — Card Sorter, 1955^[2][10]
• IBM 084 — Card Sorter, 1959^[2]
• IBM 101 — Statistical Machine; 1952^[10]
• IBM 106 — Coupon Statistical Machine^[7]
• IBM 108 — Card Proving Machine; 196X
  • IBM 867 — IBM 108 Output Typewriter^[2]
• IBM 109 — Statistical Sorter
• IBM 5486 Card Sorter- Sorter IBM System/3's 96 column cards

Collators

• IBM 072 — Alphabetic Collator^[7]
• IBM 077 — Electric Punched Card Collator; 1937^[8]
• IBM 078 — Stencil Collator^[7]
• IBM 079 — Stencil Printing Collator^[7]
• IBM 085 — Numerical Collator; 1957^[8]
• IBM 087 — Alphabetic Collator^[2][9]
• IBM 088 — Numerical Collator^[2]
• IBM 089 — Alphabetic Collator^[10]
• IBM 188 — Alphabetic Collator

[edit]Reproducing Punch, Summary Punch, Gang Punch, and derived machines

• IBM 501 — Numbering Gang Punch, 1926^[2]
• IBM 512 — Reproducing Punch, 1940^[2]
• IBM 513 — Reproducing Punch, 1945^[2]
• IBM 514 — Reproducing Punch^[10][9]
• IBM 515 — Interpreting Reproducing Punch^[7]
• IBM 516 — Duplicating Summary Punch^[7]
• IBM 517 — Gang Summary Punch, 1929^[2]
• IBM 518 — Gang Summary Punch, 1929^[2]
• IBM 519 — End Printing Reproducing Punch, 1946^[2][10]
• IBM 520 — Computing Punch^[7]
• IBM 522 — Duplicating Summary Punch^[7]
• IBM 523 — Gang Summary Punch; 1949^[8]
• IBM 524 — Electronic (tube) summary punch, non-printing, BCD zone codes^[2]
• IBM 526 — Printing Summary Punch (electronic, BCD zone codes)^[5]
• IBM 528 — Accumulating Reproducer^[13]
• IBM 534 — Card Punch (connects to 870, 108, 1230, 1232)^[5]
• IBM 545 — Output Punch (an 029 plus connector)^[5]
• IBM 549 — Ticket Converter^[13]

Interpreters

• IBM 548 — Interpreter^[7]
• IBM 550 — Numerical Interpreter, 1935^[9][2]
• IBM 551 — Check Writing Interpreter, 1935^[2]
• IBM 552 — Alphabetic Interpreter^[10]
• IBM 555 — Alphabetic Interpreter
• IBM 557 — Alphabetic Interpreter^[10]
• IBM 938 — Electrostatic Card Printer^[6]

[edit]Tabulators, Accounting machines

• Hollerith Census Tabulator — 1890^[8][14][15]
• Hollerith Integrating Tabulator — 1896^[15]
• Hollerith Automatic Feed Tabulator — 1900^[15]
• Hollerith Type I Tabulator (IBM 090) — 1906^[15]
• Hollerith Type III Tabulator (IBM 091) — 1921^[15]
• Hollerith Type 3-S Tabulator — 192x^[15]
• Hollerith Type IV Tabulator (IBM 301) — 1928^[9][15]
• Columbia Difference Tabulator — 1931^[15]
• IBM 092 — 5-counter Accounting Machine^[7]
• IBM 093 — 5-counter Accounting Machines^[7]
• IBM 094 — Non-print Automatic Checking Machine^[7]
• IBM 211 — Accounting Machine^[7]
• IBM 212 — Accounting Machine^[7]
• IBM 285 — Numerical Accounting Machine; 1927^[8][2]
• IBM 298 — Numerical Accounting Machine^[7]
• IBM 301 — see Hollerith Type IV above
• IBM 401 — Tabulator; 1933^[15]
• IBM 402 — Alphabetic Accounting Machine 1948^[2][10]
• IBM 402 — Computing Accounting Machine (with solid state computing device)^[16][15]
• IBM 403 — Alphabetic Accounting Machine, 1948^[2][10](MLP - multiple line printing)^[6]
• IBM 403 — Computing Accounting Machine (with solid state computing device)^[16]
• IBM 404 — Accounting Machine
• IBM 405 — Accounting Machine; 1934^[8][17][15]
• IBM 407 — Alphabetic Accounting Machine; 1949^{[8][2][10][15]}
• IBM 407 — Computing Accounting Machine (with solid state computing device)^[16]
• IBM 408 — Alphabetic Accounting Machine, 1957^[2][10]
• IBM 409 — Accounting Machine; 1959^{[2] [18]}
• IBM 412 — Accounting Machine
• IBM 416 — Numerical Accounting Machine^[19](version of 405)^[6]
• IBM 417 — Numerical Accounting Machine^[7]
• IBM 418 — Numerical Accounting Machine^[6]
• IBM 419 — Numerical Accounting Machine^[2][10](version of 402)^[6]
• IBM 420 — Alphabetical Accounting Machine^[7]
• IBM 421 — WTC Computing Accounting Machine (with solid state computing device)^[16]
• IBM 424 — WTC Computing Accounting Machine (with solid state computing device)^[16]
• IBM 426 — Accounting Machine^[7]
• IBM 427 — WTC Accounting Machine (for instance, suitable for British £sd currency)
• IBM 444 — Accounting Machine^[7]
• IBM 447 — WTC Computing Accounting Machine (with solid state computing device)^[16]
• IBM 450 — Accounting Machine^[7]
• IBM 858 — Cardatype Accounting Machine, 1955^[2]
  • IBM 858 — IBM 858 Control Unit^[5]
  • IBM 863 — IBM 858 Arithmetic Unit^[2]
  • IBM 866 — IBM 858 Non-Transmitting Typewriter^[2]
  • IBM 868 — IBM 858 Transmitting Typewriter^[2]
  • IBM 972-1 — IBM 858 Auxiliary Keyboard^[2]
• IBM 916 — Bill Feed^[13]
• IBM 921 — Automatic Carriage^[19]
• IBM 922 — Tape-Controlled Carriage^[13]
• IBM 923 — Tape-Controlled Carriage^[13]

[edit]Calculating devices

• IBM 600 — Automatic Multiplying Punch; 1931^[2][20]
• IBM 601 — Electric Multiplier aka Automatic Cross-Footing Multiplying Punch; 1933^{[20] [21]}
• IBM Relay Calculator — aka The IBM Pluggable Sequence Relay Calculator (Aberdeen Machine)^[21][4]
• IBM 602 — Calculating Punch; 1946^[2][21]
• IBM 602A — Calculating Punch; 1948^[2][21]
• IBM 603 — Electronic Multiplier; 1946^[8][17][21]
• IBM 604 — Electronic Calculating Punch; 1948^[21]
  • IBM 604 — IBM 604 Calculating Unit
  • IBM 521 — IBM 604 Card Read Punch^[13]
  • IBM 541 — IBM 604 Card Read Punch^[2]
• IBM 605 — Electronic Calculator; 1949^[21]
  • IBM 527 — IBM 605 High Speed Punch^[21]
• IBM CPC — Card Programmed Electronic Calculator; 1949^[8][21]
  • IBM 941 — IBM CPC Auxiliary Storage Unit; (16 – 10-digit words)^[8]
• IBM 607 — Electronic Calculator; 1953^[21]
  • IBM 529 — IBM 607 Card Read Punch^[13]
  • IBM 542 — IBM 607 Card Read Punch ^[2]
  • IBM 942 — IBM 607 Electronic Storage Unit; 1953^[13]
• IBM 608 — Transistorized Electronic Calculator; 1957
• IBM 609 — Calculator; (transistorized) 1960
• IBM 632 — Electronic Typing Calculator; 1958
• IBM 633 — Electronic Typing Calculator
  • IBM 614 — IBM 632/3 Typewriter output^[5]
  • IBM 630 — IBM 632 Arithmetic Unit^[5]
  • IBM 631 — IBM 632 Buffer memory^[5]
  • IBM 634 — IBM 632 Non-printing Card Punch
  • IBM 635 — IBM 632 Non-Printing Card Punch
  • IBM 636 — IBM 632/3 Printing Card Punch
  • IBM 637 — IBM 632 Printing Card Punch
  • IBM 638 — IBM 632 Companion Keyboard
  • IBM 641 — IBM 632 Card Reader
  • IBM 645 — IBM 632 Card Reader
  • IBM 648 — IBM 632 Tape Punch
  • IBM 649 — IBM 632 Paper Tape Reader
• IBM 6400 Series — Transistorized Electronic Calculator/accounting machine family produced beginning in 1962

Other Unit Record Equipment

• IBM Electromatic Table Printing Machine — Typesetting-quality printer; 1946
• IBM Votomatic — Voting machine (Port-A-Punch balloting)
• IBM 870 — Document Writing System
  • IBM 834 — IBM 870 Control Unit
  • IBM 836 — IBM 870 Control Unit
  • IBM 865 — IBM 870 Output typewriters
  • IBM 866 — IBM 870 Non-transmitting Typewriter
  • IBM 868 — IBM 870 Transmitting Typewriter
  • IBM 536 — IBM 870 Printing Card Punch
  • IBM 961 — IBM 870 Tape Punch (8 channel)
  • IBM 962 — IBM 870 Tape Punch (5 track)
  • IBM 972-2 — IBM 870 Auxiliary Keyboard
• IBM 939 — Electrostatic Address Label Printer